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Research Paper
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International Cooperation Failures in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Learning from Past Efforts to Address Common Threats

Author
Jennifer M. Welsh
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While COVID-19 presented a 鈥渙nce in a generation鈥 challenge to states and their leaders, the past two years have witnessed the devastating impact of the failure to address the pandemic as a shared global problem. Cooperation broke down across a variety of multilateral settings as states retreated inward with unilateral and competitive strategies.

As part of deliberations on what went wrong and what reforms might contribute to more effective pandemic preparedness and response going forward, the Rethinking the Humanitarian Health Response to Violent Conflict project engaged in a process of expert consultation and research to specify the nature of the cooperation problem confronting today鈥檚 policy-makers, the preconditions for effective cooperation that have been identified in the academic literature, and the ways in which cooperative arrangements could be and have been designed.

International Cooperation Failures in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Learning from Past Efforts to Address Common Threats includes recommendations for states and other actors as they prepare for high-level diplomatic discussions on potential changes to our global health architecture to better meet the challenges of infectious disease.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary

How Cooperation Failed During COVID-19
Understanding Pandemic Preparedness and Response Before COVID-19
Addressing Cooperation Problems: Lessons from the Field of International Relations
Overcoming Cooperation Problems Through Institutional Design
Assessing Proposals for Reform of Pandemic Preparedness and Response
Revisiting the Preconditions for Cooperation
Promising Proposals for Improving Pandemic Preparedness and Response

3.鈥侾andemic Preparedness and Response Before COVID-19

3.1鈥俆he Regime Complex for Global Health Security

4.鈥俆he Challenges Revealed by COVID-19

4.1鈥俆he Governance of Pandemic Preparedness and Response
4.2鈥俈accine Review, Access, and Distribution

5.鈥侫ddressing Collective Action Problems: Lessons from the Field of International Relations

5.1鈥俇nderstanding Global Cooperation Problems
5.2鈥侰ore Cooperation Problems in Pandemic Preparedness and Response
5.3鈥侽vercoming Cooperation Problems Through Institutional Design
5.4鈥侫ssessing Proposals for Reform of Pandemic Preparedness and Response
5.5鈥俁evisiting the Preconditions for Cooperation

6.鈥侰onclusion: Recommendations for Improved Global Governance of Pandemic Preparedness and Response

6.1鈥侲nhancing Compliance with the IHR
6.2鈥侺imited Reforms of the WHO
6.3鈥侼ew Institutional Arrangements and Mechanisms
6.4鈥侫 Multifaceted Strategy